Established as a strategically important settlement long before the Romans arrived in Britain, the massive rock overlooking Edinburgh was the perfect site for a castle. Over the centuries, this formidable fortification has continued to dominate the city, despite its lessening role as a royal palace.

Edinburgh Castle dates back to the 11th century but, by the time King David I came to the throne, the site comprised a royal residence, storehouse, prison, and the full time administrative headquarters of the Sheriff. It was during this period that the little Romanesque chapel was erected, and is the only building from the early castle that survives.

For many years, England and Scotland fought over the possession of Edinburgh Castle resulting in much destruction of the original structures. However, when King David II returned to Scotland in 1356, following 10 years' captivity in England, he was responsible for commencing a major re-building of the castle. A relatively settled period ensued, which culminated in a final union between Scotland and England following the birth of James in Edinburgh Castle in 1566 - he would become the King of both Scotland and England.

A further re-building programme was undertaken in the late 16th century, with the emphasis on the castle defences rather than the royal apartments. By this time, the royal residence was firmly established at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, at the other end of The Royal Mile and few visitors stayed at Edinburgh Castle. In fact, the last time a reigning monarch slept at Edinburgh castle was in 1633 - King Charles I spent the night before his coronation there.

In the aftermath of the Civil War, Cromwell was responsible for the re-modelling of the medieval castle as a fortress to accommodate a permanent garrison. Inevitably, many of the old buildings were demolished, and new military buildings were erected in their place - notably, the site of St Mary's Church became the North Barracks, although these have since been replaced by the present day Scottish National War Memorial. Almost every available space in the royal palace was given over to military use, with the exception of the Crown Room. This had been where the Honors of Scotland were kept since the early 17th century - despite being 'hidden' for over 100 years until 1818 when Sir Walter Scott was instrumental in their rediscovery.

Despite military occupation, Edinburgh Castle received much Victorian restoration after the Great Hall was used as a hospital during much of the 19th century. It was declared an ancient monument by 1905, and the resident garrison finally left in 1923. The Army HQ remains at the castle, and it is also home to several military and regimental museums. Perhaps the most famous event at Edinburgh Castle in recent years is the Military Tattoo, which takes place on the Esplanade every summer. A daily event is the firing of the signal gun on Mills Mount Battery, which has been occurring since 1861 at 1pm.

From this elevated platform, the breathtaking views across the city on a bright, clear day are well worth the climb!